Engine-Induction Generator Set Modeling for Hybrid/Flex Vehicle

Márcio V. R. Campos; Lucas Jonys R. Silva; Jen W. Wang; Thayson P. Alves; Bruno M. Zilli; Rodolpho V. A. Neves; Vilma A. Oliveira; Ricardo Q. Machado

doi:10.18618/REP.e202520

Authors

Márcio V. R. Campos Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9030-6025
Lucas Jonys R. Silva Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-2398
Jen W. Wang Universidade Federal de São Carlos https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0224-2529
Thayson P. Alves Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4706-2279
Bruno M. Zilli Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3601-6858
Rodolpho V. A. Neves Universidade Federal de Viçosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-483X
Vilma A. Oliveira Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6078-9515
Ricardo Q. Machado Universidade de São Paulo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2995-1005

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.e202520

Keywords:

Hybrid/flex vehicles, ac/dc converter, three-phase induction generator, engine-generator set, circuit modeling, Hardware-in-the-Loop

Abstract

This manuscript proposes a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) model for an engine-induction generator set in series hybrid/flex vehicles (SHVs). The model outputs are simplified using linear combinations of the inputs via a steady-state gain matrix, with gains defined in terms of the SHV electrical parameters. A reduced-order model is proposed to reliably analyze the dynamic behavior by incorporating the state variables of the powertrain's electrical system. This facilitates the design of energy management systems (EMS) and power converter sizing, enhancing the efficiency of the engine-generator set. The mathematical solution was validated through simulations and experimental results, including mechanical power calculations derived from vehicle dynamics applied to an SHV laboratory-scale prototype. Experimental findings demonstrated the effectiveness of a simple EMS in reducing fuel consumption while maintaining the internal combustion engine within its optimal efficiency region. Furthermore, this study presents a practical and cost-effective alternative for ICE-generator systems by replacing permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) with induction generators (IGs).

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Author Biographies

Márcio V. R. Campos, Universidade de São Paulo

was born in Caratinga, Brazil. He received the B.S in electrical engineering in 2022 from the Federal University of Viçosa and the M.S. degree in 2024 from the University of Sao Paulo. He is currently working on his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at the University of Sao Paulo and his mains research interest are in the fields of dc/dc converters for renewable energy sources, microgrids, energy management and hybrid electric vehicles.

Lucas Jonys R. Silva , Universidade de São Paulo

received the B.S. in electrical engineering in 2020 from The Federal University of Viçosa and the M.S. degree in 2022 from the University of Sao Paulo. He is currently working on his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at the University of Sao Paulo. His main research interest are in the fields of microgrids, electric and hybrid vehicles, energy management and dc/dc converters for renewable energy sources and storage systems.

Jen W. Wang, Universidade Federal de São Carlos

was born in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, Brazil, in 2000. Currently is a student in Electrical Engineering with an emphasis in Control and Automation at the Federal University of São Carlos. His main research interests are in the fields of microgrids, hybrid vehicles, and energy

Thayson P. Alves, Universidade de São Paulo

holds the title of Technician in Electrotechnics in the area of Control and Industrial Processes at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão and is currently a student in Electrical Engineering with an emphasis on Energy Systems and Automation at the School of Engineering of São Carlos - USP. He has a Conscious Energy Consumption certificate from the National Industrial Learning Service and his main research interests are in the areas of control and automation engineering.

Bruno M. Zilli, Universidade de São Paulo

received the B.S. in electronic engineering in 2015 from the Federal University of Technology-Paraná and the M.S. degree in Energy in Agriculture Engineering from the Western Paraná State University, 2018. He is currently working on his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at the University of Sao Paulo. His main research interest are in the fields of microgrids, harmonic compensation, energy management and renewable energy sources.

Rodolpho V. A. Neves, Universidade Federal de Viçosa

received the B. S. from the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Brazil, in 2011, and the M.Sc. and D.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil, in 2013 and 2018, respectively. From 2015 to 2016, he was a Visiting Researcher at Aalborg University, Denmark. He is currently an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at UFV. His research interests include intelligent control strategies and modeling dynamic systems.

Vilma A. Oliveira, Universidade de São Paulo

(Life Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Eng. degree in electronics from the Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1976, the M.Sc. degree from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, in 1980, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K., in 1989, both in electrical engineering. In 1990, she joined the Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, where she is currently a Full Professor. Her research interests include fuzzy control and control design and its applications. Prof. Oliveira is currently the Editor in Chief for the Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems.

Ricardo Q. Machado, Universidade de São Paulo

(M’2005, SM'2018) received the B. S. from the University of Santa Maria in 1997, the M.S. (2000) and the Ph.D. (2005) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Campinas. From 2002 to 2003 he was a visiting researcher at the University of Padova, Italy and from 2005 to 2007 he was a post-doctorate at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. From 2013 to 2014 he was visiting professor at the University of Toronto, Canada. Currently, he is associated professor at the University of Sao Paulo and his main research interests are: processing of energy in dc/dc and dc/ac converters, digital control of power converters, distributed generation systems, smart grids and control of renewable energy sources.

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