A Comparative Analysis of Voltage Equalizers for Partial Shading Compensation in PV Arrays

Cláudio H. G. dos Santos; Pedro F. Donoso Garcia; Seleme I. Seleme Junior

doi:10.18618/REP.2019.3.0012

Authors

Cláudio H. G. dos Santos Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Divinópolis – MG, Brazil
Pedro F. Donoso Garcia Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
Seleme I. Seleme Junior Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2019.3.0012

Keywords:

comparative analysis, current diverters, Partial Shading, voltage equalizers

Abstract

Partial shading is a problem that affects solar systems not only in their efficiency, but also in its lifetime. As a solution, integrated converters enable mismatched modules to deliver their maximum power. Voltage Equalizers are a type of partial power processing integrated converters, which results in more efficiency. There are many types of voltage equalizers, divided in three different architectures and based in many topologies, i.e. buck-boost, flyback, switched capacitors and voltage multipliers. Thus, in this paper, a comparative analysis of these converters are made, considering reliability and working principle, which is explained through simulation results. At the conclusions are made, pointing which circuit may be the best choice for a voltage equalizer.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Cláudio H. G. dos Santos, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Divinópolis – MG, Brazil

was born in October 05, 1982 in Divinópolis, MG – Brazil. Has received his M.Sc and B.Sc. degrees in Electrical Engineering from CEFET-MG and Doctor in Electrical Engineering from UFMG in Belo Horizonte, Brazil in 2008, 2011 and 2018, respectively. Nowadays, he is a teacher member of de Mechatronics Engineer Department of CEFET-MG, located in St. Álvares Azevedo 400, in Divinópolis, Brazil. He also had same position in the Federal University of Outo Preto, MG – Brazil. His currently research interest is power-qualityrelated issues, solar PV technology, charge stations and electric vehicles.

Pedro F. Donoso Garcia, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil

has graduated inelectrical engineering option in electronics by the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS in 1981, he received his MSc from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG and his PhD in Electrical Engineering from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC in 1986 and 1991 respectively. Currently he is an Associate Professor at the Electronic Engineering Dept.–DELT–UFMG. His research interest include: high efficiency power supply, electronic ballasts and different microgrid aspects, including power electronics and distributed energy-storage systems.

Seleme I. Seleme Junior, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil

was born in Novemeber 03 1955 in Palmas, PR – Brazil. Has graduated in Electrical Engineering from EPUSP at São Paulo in 1977, obtained his M.Sc from UFSC at Florianópolis, in 1985 and his PhD from INPG at Grenoble, France, in 1994. He has made his Post Doctorate at UC Berleley, USA, in 2002. Presently he is an Associate Professor, member of the Electronic Department at the Engineering School, UFMG. His main research interests are power electronics, applied control for static converters, electrical drive systems and electromechanical systems.

References

D. S. O. J. Bruno Ricardo de Almeida, "Conversor CA-CC Trifásico Bidirecional de Único Estágio com Correção de Fator de Potência e Isolado em Alta Frequência", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 117-125, 2016.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2016.2.2627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2016.2.2627

M. G. Alves, M. A. G. De Brito, and C. A. Canesin, "Análise de Estruturas Inversoras Não Isoladas Monofásicas Para Geração Distribuídas Fotovoltaica", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 179-186, 2017.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2017.2.2668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2017.2.2668

P. P. Praça, D. B. S. Alves, D. S. O. Jr, L. C. S. Mazza, and L. H. S. C. Barreto, "Ganho de Tensão para Aplicações em Sistemas Fotovoltaicos", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 258-268, 2017.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2017.3.2683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2017.3.2683

L. L. Brighenti, A. L. Batschauer, M. Mezaroba, andL. Inverters, "Inversores Comutados pela Rede Associados a um Autotransformador Multipulsos para a Geração", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 200-211, 2016.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2016.3.2602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2016.3.2602

P. Manganiello, M. Balato, and M. Vitelli, "A Survey on Mismatching and Aging of PV Modules: The Closed Loop", in IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 7276-7286, 2015.https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2015.2418731 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2015.2418731

U. O. C. C. Ćuk, "Caracterizador elétrico de módulos fotovoltaicos utilizando o conversor cc-cc ćuk", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 139-147, 2017.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2017.2.2661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2017.2.2661

S. A. Oliveira, L. P. Sampaio, F. M. De Oliveira, and F. R. Durand, "Sistema Fotovoltaico com Condicionamento Ativo de Energia Usando MPPT Baseado em PSO e Malha Feed-Forward", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 105-116, 2016.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2016.2.2615 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2016.2.2615

M. A. G. De A, Carlos Brito, M. G. Alves, R. B. Godoy, and C. A. Canesin, "MPPT Híbrido Aplicado à Associação dos Conversores Boost ZVT e Inversor H6 Para Aplicações Fotovoltaicas", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 216-225, 2018.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2018.2.2772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2018.2.2772

L. C. Freitas et al., "Algoritmo de Seguimento do Ponto de Máxima Potência Global para Inversores Solares Multistring em Condições de Sombreamento Parcial", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 182-192, 2018.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2018.2.2761 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2018.2.2761

M. Kasper, D. Bortis, and J. W. Kolar, "Classification and comparative evaluation of PV panel-integrated DC-DC converter concepts", inIEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 2511-2526, 2014.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2273399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2013.2273399

C. H. G. Santos, "Desviadores de Corrente de Arquitetura Híbrida Para Compensação de Sombreamento Parcial em Associações Série de Módulos Fotovoltaicos", UFMG -PPGEE, 2018.

G. R. Walker and J. C. Pierce, "PhotoVoltaic DC-DC module integrated converter for novel cascaded and bypass grid connection topologies - Design and optimisation", in PESC Rec. - IEEE Annu. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 2006.https://doi.org/10.1109/pesc.2006.1712242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/pesc.2006.1712242

R. Kadri, J. P. Gaubert, and G. Champenois, "No dissipative string current diverter for solving the cascaded DC-DC converter connection problem in photovoltaic power generation system", inIEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1249-1258, 2012.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2164268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2164268

K. Kesarwani, C. Schaef, C. R. Sullivan, and J. T. Stauth, "A multi-level ladder converter supporting vertically-stacked digital voltage domains", in Conf. Proc. - IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. - APEC, pp. 429-434, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2013.6520245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2013.6520245

R. Kadri, J. P. Gaubert, and G. Champenois, "New converter topology to improve performance of photovoltaic power generation system under shading conditions", inInt. Conf. Power Eng.Energy Electr. Drives, no. May, pp. 0-6, 2011.https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerEng.2011.6036483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PowerEng.2011.6036483

C. Schaef, K. Kesarwani, and J. T. Stauth, "A coupled-inductor multi-level ladder converter for sub-module PV power management", inConf. Proc. - IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. Expo. - APEC, pp. 732-737, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2013.6520291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2013.6520291

J. T. Stauth, M. D. Seeman, and K. Kesarwani, "A resonant switched-capacitor ic and embedded system for sub-module photovoltaic power management", in IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 3043-3054, 2012.https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2012.2225731 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2012.2225731

K. Kesarwani, R. Sangwan, and J. T. Stauth, "Resonant switched-capacitor converters for chip-scale power delivery: Modeling and design", in IEEE 14th Work. Control Model. Power Electron. COMPEL, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPEL.2013.6626415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPEL.2013.6626415

A. Blumenfeld, A. Cervera, and M. M. Peretz, "Enhanced differential power processor for PV systems: Resonant switched-capacitor gyrator converter with local MPPT", in IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 883-892, 2014.https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2331277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2331277

R. Sangwan, K. Kesarwani, and J. T. Stauth,"High-density power converters for sub-module photovoltaic power management", in IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. ECCE, pp. 3279-3286, 2014.https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2014.6953846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2014.6953846

C. H. G. Santos, P. F. Donoso-Garcia, and S. I. S. Júnior, "Cascaded Cell String Current Diverter For Improvement of Photovoltaic Solar Array Under Partial Shading Problems", Eletrônica de Potência, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 272-282, 2015.https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2015.3.2542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2015.3.2542

S. A. D. Contreras, P. C. Cortizo, and M. A. Severo Mendes, "Simple control technique for interleaved inverters with magnetically coupled legs", in IET Power Electron., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 353-363, 2013.https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0514

S. A. D. Contreras, "Estudos da Aplicação de Transformadores Intercelulares em Inversores de Tensão", inUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2014.

L. Crane, "Selecting the best inductor for your DC-DC converter (469-1)", in Appl. note, pp. 1-5, 2005.

J. H. Park and K. T. Kim, "Multi-output differential power processing system using boost-flyback converter for voltage balancing", inProc. - 2017 Int. Conf. Recent Adv. Signal Process. Telecommun. Comput. Sig Tel Com 2016, pp. 139-142, 2017.https://doi.org/10.1109/SIGTELCOM.2017.7849811 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SIGTELCOM.2017.7849811

M. Uno and A. Kukita, "Single-Switch Voltage Equalizer Using Multistacked Buck-Boost Converters for Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Modules", in IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 3091-3105, 2015.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2014.2331456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2014.2331456

M. Z. Ramli and Z. Salam, "A simple energy recovery scheme to harvest the energy from shaded photovoltaic modules during partial shading", in IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6458-6471, 2014.https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2014.2302007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2014.2302007

P. S. Shenoy, K. a. Kim, and P. T. Krein, "Comparative analysis of differential power conversion architectures and controls for solar photovoltaics", in2012 IEEE 13th Work. Control Model. Power Electron., pp. 1-7, 2012.https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPEL.2012.6251782 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPEL.2012.6251782