Conversor CC-CC Multifásico Bidirecional em Corrente não Isolado Aplicado a Sistemas Elétricos de Tração de Veículos Elétricos e Híbridos

Robson Mayer; Adriano Péres; Sérgio Vidal Garcia Oliveira

doi:10.18618/REP.2015.3.2521

Authors

Robson Mayer Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville - SC, Brasil
Adriano Péres Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau - SC, Brasil
Sérgio Vidal Garcia Oliveira Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau - SC, Brasil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2015.3.2521

Keywords:

Conversor CC-CC Bidirecional multifásico, Veículo Elétrico, Veículo Elétrico Híbrido

Abstract

Este artigo revisa as principais características de veículos elétricos (EV) e veículos elétricos híbridos (HEV), as arquiteturas do sistema elétrico de tração que os compõem, e algumas topologias de conversores CC-CC bidirecionais aplicados aos sistemas de tração. Entre as contribuições deste artigo, destaca-se o estudo das diversas possibilidades tecnológicas de armazenamento de energia e das principais características dos sistemas de tração de EVs e HEVs atualmente comercializados, objetivando servir de referencial conceitual aos interessados. Bem como, estuda, projeta e apresenta os testes em malha aberta de um protótipo de um conversor multifásico bidirecional em corrente de três braços com potência de 6 kW. O conversor opera como elevador e abaixador de tensão, apresenta como principais características: reduzida ondulação de corrente e reduzido volume dos capacitores de filtro. Os resultados experimentais obtidos comprovam as especificações, limitações e funcionamento teóricos previstos.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Robson Mayer, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville - SC, Brasil

nascido em Saudades/SC, em 1985 é engenheiro eletricista (2010) pelo Centro Universitário de Jaraguá do Sul e mestre em Engenharia Elétrica (2014) pela Universidade Regional de Blumenau. Suas áreas de interesse são em eletrônica de potência e compreendem: conversores cc-cc bidirecionais, conversores aplicados aos veículos elétricos e veículos elétricos híbridos. Msc. Mayer é membro da Sociedade Brasileira de Eletrônica de Potência (SOBRAEP).

Adriano Péres, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau - SC, Brasil

nasceu em Biguaçu, SC, Brasil em 1969. Obteve o diploma de engenheiro eletricista em 1991 pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC, o de mestre em 1993 e o de doutor em 2000, ambos pelo Instituto de Eletrônica de Potência da UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. É professor do Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica e de Telecomunicações da Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), SC, desde 1994, onde atua no Grupo de Processamento Eletrônico de Energia. É associado ao CREA/SC, gozando de plenos direitos profissionais na área de Engenharia Elétrica. É membro da Sociedade Brasileira de Eletrônica de Potência (SOBRAEP), da Associação Brasileira de Educação em Engenharia e do IEEE. Suas áreas de interesse compreendem: eficiência energética, qualidade de energia, condicionadores de fator de potência, geração de energia solar fotovoltaica e educação em engenharia.

Sérgio Vidal Garcia Oliveira, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau - SC, Brasil

nascido em Lages/SC, em 1974, Recebeu o título de engenheiro eletricista da FURB em 1999 e os de Mestre e de Doutor da UFSC em 2001 e 2006, respectivamente. É professor da UDESC-Joinville em tempo integral e, em tempo parcial, na FURB. É pesquisador nos seguintes tópicos: conversores CA-CA e CC-CC, acionamentos elétricos, sistemas de geração distribuída de energia, qualidade e eficiência energética, conversores estáticos aplicados nos carros híbridos e sistemas embarcados. É membro da SOBRAEP, da SBA, da PELS, da IES, da IAS e da VTS.

References

B. M. da Saúde, "Mudanças climáticas e ambientais eseus efeitos na saúde: cenário e incertezas para o brasil", Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, 2008.

A. Emadi, K. Rajashekara, S. Williamson, S. Lukic, "Topological overview of hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicular power system architectures and configurations", IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 763-770, May 2005. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2005.847445 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2005.847445

M. Yilmaz, P. T. Krein, "Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2151-2169, May 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2212917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2212917

J. Cao, A. Emadi, "Batteries need electronics", IEEEIndustrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 27-35, March 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIE.2011.940251 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MIE.2011.940251

J. Cao, A. Emadi, "A new battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 122-132, January 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2151206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2151206

S. Wirasingha, R. Gremban, A. Emadi, "Source-to-wheel (stw) analysis of plug-in hybrid electric vahicles", IEEE Transactions onSmart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 316-331, March 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2011.2158248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2011.2158248

A. Emadi, S. Williamson, A. Khaligh, "Power electronics intensive solutions for advanced electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicular power systems", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 567-577, May 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2006.872378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2006.872378

C. Chan, A. Bouscayrol, K. Chen, "Electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles: Architectures and modeling", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 589-598, February 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2009.2033605 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2009.2033605

S. M. Lukic, J. Cao, R. C. Bansal, F. Rodrigues, A.Emadi, "Energy storage systems for automotive applications", IEEE Transactions onIndustrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2258-2267, June 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.918390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.918390

S. Dusmez, A. Cook, A. Khaligh, "Comprehensive analysis of high quality power converters for level 3 off-board chargers", in Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), pp. 1-10, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2011.6043096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2011.6043096

J. Bauman, M. Kazerani, "A comparative study of full-cell-battery, full-cell-ultracapacitor, and full-cell-battery-ultracapacitor vehicles", IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 760-769, March 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2007.906379 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2007.906379

P. Thounthong, V. Chunkag, P. Sethakul, B. Davat, M. Hinaje, "Comparative study of fuel-cell vehicle hybridization with battery or supercapacitor storage device", IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology,vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 3892-3904, October 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2009.2028571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2009.2028571

R. Ghorbani, E. Bibeau, S. Filizadeh, "On conversion of hybrid electric vahicles to plug-in", IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 2016-2020, May 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2010.2041563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2010.2041563

A. Kawahashi, "A new-generation hybrid electric vehicle and its supporting power semiconductors devices", in Proc. of International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs (ISPSD), pp. 23-29, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCT.2004.240285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/WCT.2004.240285

A. Emadi, Y. Lee, K. Rajashekara. "Power electronics and motor drives in electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles", IEEE Transactions onIndustrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2237-2245, June 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.922768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.922768

M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, J. Miller, "Hybrid electric vehicles: Architecture and motor drives", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 719-728, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2007.892492 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2007.892492

S. Williamson, M. Lukic, A. Emadi, "Comprehensive drive train efficiency analysis of hybrid electric and fuel cell vahicles based on motor-controller efficiency modeling", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 730-740, May 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2006.872388 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2006.872388

A. Rathore, U. Prasanna, "Comparison of softswitching voltage-fed and current-fed bi-directional isolated dc/dc converters for fuel cell vehicles", in Proc. of International Symposium onIndustrial Electronics (ISIE), pp. 252-257, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIE.2012.6237093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIE.2012.6237093

G. Preetham, W. Shirren, "Photovoltaic charging station for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in a smart grid environment", in Proc. ofInnovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), pp. 1-8, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2012.6175589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2012.6175589

K. T. Chau, C. C. Chan, "Emerging energy-efficient technologies for hybrid electric vehicles", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 821-835, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2006.890114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2006.890114

M. Zandi, A. Payman, J. Martin, S. Pierfederici, B.Davat, and F. Meibody-Tabar, "Energy management of a fuel cell/supercapacitor/battery power source for electric vehicular applications", IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 433-443, February 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2010.2091433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2010.2091433

J. Estima, A. J. Marques Cardoso, "Efficiency analysis of drive train topologies applied to electric/hybrid vehicles", IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1021-1031, March 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2012.2186993 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2012.2186993

J. Lai and D. Nelson, "Energy management power converters in hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 766-777, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2006.890122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2006.890122

M. Kumari, P. Thakura, D. Badodkar, "Role of high power semiconductor devices in hybrid electric vehicles", in Proc. of India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE), pp. 1-7, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/IICPE.2011.5728111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IICPE.2011.5728111

M. Zeraoulia, M. Benbouzid, D. Diallo, "Electric motor drive selection issues for hev propulsion systems: A comparative study", IEEE Transactions onVehicular Technology, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1756-1764, November 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2006.878719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2006.878719

W. Qian, H. Cha, F. Peng, L. Tolbert, "55-kw variable 3x dc-dc converter for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1668-1678, April 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2165559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2165559

S. Chandrasekaran, L. Gokdere, "Integrated magnetics for interleaved dc-dc boost converter for fuel cellpowered vehicles", in Proc. ofPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC), pp. 356-361, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESC.2004.1355770 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PESC.2004.1355770

S. V. G. Oliveira, I. Barbi, "A three-phase step-up dc-dc converter with a three-phase high-frequency transformer for dc renewable power sources applications", IEEE Transactions onIndustrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 3567-3580, August 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2010.2084971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2010.2084971

F. J. Bryan, A. J. Forsyth "A power dense dc-dc converter for a small electric vehicle", in Proc. ofInternational Conference onPower Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD), pp. 1-6, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2012.0203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2012.0203

M. C. B. P. Rodrigues, J. G. Oliveira, A. A. Ferreira, P. G. Barbosa, H. A. C. Braga, "Conexão De Veículos Elétricos À Rede De Energia Elétrica Para Recarga De Baterias: Uma Visão Geral", Revista de Eletrônica, Vol. 19-No.2 maio 2014. https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2014.2.194207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2014.2.194207

W. Liu, J. Chen, T. Liang, R. Lin, C. Liu, "Analysis, design, and control of bidirectional cascaded configuration for a fuel cell hybrid power system",IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1565-1575, June 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2009.2037003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2009.2037003

O. Laldin, M. Moshirvaziri, O. Trescases, "Predictive algorithm for optimizing power flow in hybrid ultracapacitor/battery storage systems for light electric vehicles", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 3882-3895, August 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2226474 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2226474

T. Bhattacharya, V. S. Giri, K. Mathew, L. Umanand,"Multiphase bidirectional flyback converter topology for hybrid electric vehicles", IEEE Transactions onIndustrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 78-84, January 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.2004661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.2004661

C. Zhao, S. Round, J. W. Kolar, "Buck and boost start-up operation of a three-port power supply for hybrid vehicle application", in Proc. ofPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC), pp. 1851-1857, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESC.2005.1581883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PESC.2005.1581883

Y. Du, S. Lukic, B. Jacobson, A. Huang, "Review of high power isolated bi-directional dc-dc converters for phev/ev dc charging infrastructure", in Proc. Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), pp. 553-560, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2011.6063818 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2011.6063818

F. E. O. Barrozo, R. P. T. Bascope, R. S. T. Pontes, D. L. Ferreira, "Conversor bidirecional baseado na célula de três estados para aplicação em veículos elétricos", in Proc. of IEEE/IAS International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON), pp. 1-6, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDUSCON.2010.5740023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/INDUSCON.2010.5740023

O. Hegazy, J. Van Mierlo, P. Lataire, "Analysis, modeling, and implementation of a multidevice interleaved dc/dc converter for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4445-4458, November 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2183148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2183148

D. Bellur, M. Kazimierczuk, "Dc-dc converter for electric vehicle applications", in Proc. Electrical Insulation Conference and Electrical Manufacturing Expo, pp. 286-293, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EEIC.2007.4562633

H. Karshenas, H. Daneshpajooh, A. Safaee, A. Bakhshai, P. Jain, "Basic families of medium-power soft-switched isolated bidirectional dc-dc converters", in Proc. ofPower Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), pp. 92-97, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/PEDSTC.2011.5742504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PEDSTC.2011.5742504

F. Peng, H. Li, G. Su, and J. Lawler, "A new zvs bidirectional dc-dc converter for fuel cell and battery application", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 54-65, January 2004. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2003.820550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2003.820550

C. Zhao, S. Round, J. Kolar, "An isolated three-port bidirectional dc-dc converter with decoupled power flow management", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2443-2453, September 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2008.2002056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2008.2002056

F. H. Khan, L. M. Tolbert, W. E. Webb, "Hybrid electric vehicle power management solutions based on isolated and nonisolated configurations of multilevel modular capacitor-clamped converter", IEEE Transactions onIndustrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 3079-3095, August 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2022074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2022074

O. García, P. Zumel, A. Castro, J. A. Cobos, "Automotive dc-dc bidirectional converter made withmany interleaved buck stages", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 578-586, May 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2006.872379 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2006.872379

M. Kazimierczuk, Pulse-width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters, Wiley and Sons, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470694640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470694640

L. Ni, J. D. Patterson, L. J. Hudgins, "High power current sensorless bidirectional 16-phase interleaved dc-dcconverter for hybrid vehicle application", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1141-1151, March 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2165297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2165297

H. Plesko, J. Biela, J. Luomi, J. W. Kolar, "Novel concepts for integrating the electric drive and auxiliary dc-dc converter for hybrid vehicles", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 3025-3034, November 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2008.2005384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2008.2005384

M. A. Sakka, J. V. Mierlo, H. Gualous, "Efficiency optimization of a 30kw interleaved 4-channels dc/dcconverter with variable number of active channels", in Proc.of European Conference onPower Electronics and Application (EPE), pp. 1-8, 2011.

M. A. Sakka, J. V. Mierlo, H. Gualous, P. Lataire "Comparison of 30kw dc/dc converter topologies interfaces for fuel cell in hybrid electric vehicle", in Proc.ofEuropean Conference onPower Electronics and Application (EPE), pp. 1-10, 2009.

J. Zhang, J. Lai, R. Kim, W. Yu, "High-power density design of a soft-switching high-power bidirectional dc-dc converter", IEEE Transactions onPower Electronics, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1145-1153, July 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2007.900462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2007.900462

I. Barbi, D. C. Martins, Conversores CC-CC básicos não isolados, 2nd ed, Editora dos autores, 2006.