An Analysis of the Limitations of Power Smoothing Metrics and Future Perspectives for Their Evolution in the Context of BESS-Based Systems

Ricardo M. de Souza; Felipe J. P. Ferreira; Antonio S. Neto; Rafael C. Neto; Francisco A. S. Neves; José F. C. Castro

doi:10.18618/REP.2005.2.017021

Authors

Ricardo M. de Souza Universidade Federal de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3283-1705
Felipe J. P. Ferreira Universidade Federal de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0366-7105
Antonio S. Neto Universidade de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-2829
Rafael C. Neto Universidade Federal de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7963-4051
Francisco A. S. Neves Universidade Federal de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0564-7500
José F. C. Castro Universidade Federal de Pernambuco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2989-9406

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.2005.2.017021

Keywords:

Battery energy storage system, power fluctuation, power smoothing, ramp rate

Abstract

The growing presence of power ramps, typically caused by the intermittency of renewable energy sources (RESs), may ultimately threaten the stability and reliability of the power grid. In the context of power smoothing algorithms such as Moving Average, Ramp Rate and First-Order Low-Pass Filter have been widely used in reference generation for Energy Storage Systems (ESSs). In this scenario, this paper analyzes typical metrics used for evaluating power smoothing techniques and comments on their limitations. Validation of this analysis is conducted using PV generation data sourced from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The results highlight the need to develop new metrics for a fairier comparison. Finally, this work also sets a concrete path for the evolution of said metrics.

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Author Biographies

Ricardo M. de Souza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

was born in Recife, Brazil, in 1998. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, in 2021 and 2024, respectively. Currently, he is pursuing his Ph.D. degree at the same institution. His research interests include power electronics, renewable energy systems, energy storage systems, and applied probability.

Felipe J. P. Ferreira, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

was born in Recife, Brazil, in 2000. He received the B.Sc. degree in control and automation engineering from the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, in 2024. Currently, he is pursuing his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering at the same institution. His researches interests include power electronics, microgrids, energy storage and digital control techniques of static converters.

Antonio S. Neto, Universidade de Pernambuco

received the B.S. and M.Sc degrees from the Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, in 2003 and 2005, respectively, and since 2022 he has been a doctoral student at PPGEE at UFPE, all in electrical engineering. He started in 2010 as a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Polytechnic School of Pernambuco-POLI / UPE. He has worked at ONS since October 2005, where he carries out electromagnetic steady-state and transient studies, analyzes of basic projects in the Brazilian Electric System and analyzes of energy quality studies in the integration of wind and solar generation connected to the Interconnected System. His research interests include power electronics, renewable energy systems, storage systems, electromagnetic transients, power quality, and grid-connected converters.

Rafael C. Neto, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

was born in Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Brazil, in 1991. He received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering and the M.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, in 2016, 2018, and 2020, respectively. He was a Visiting Scholar with the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil, in 2016. Since 2020, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. His research interests include power electronics, renewable energy systems, and modeling and digital control techniques of static converters.

Francisco A. S. Neves, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

received the B.S. and M.Sc. degrees from the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, in 1984 and 1992, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 1999, all in electrical engineering. He was a Visiting Scholar with the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, in 1999, and at the University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain, from 2008 to 2009. From 1993 to 2023, he was a professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. His research interests include power electronics, renewable energy systems, power quality, and grid-connected converters.

José F. C. Castro, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

holds a Ph.D. from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro - PUC Rio. He was a Research Analyst at the Energy Research Company - EPE, working on planning the expansion of the Brazilian electrical system. Since 2019, he has been a professor at the Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, where he conducts research in the area of microgrid reliability, Distributed Energy Resources, and energy distribution systems.

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