Harmonics Measurement Errors in Grids with High Presence of Power Electronics Converters

Gustavo Ortenzi; Emmanuel Sangoi; José A. Pomilio; João I. Y. Ota; Rafael K. Carneiro

doi:10.18618/REP.e202439

Authors

Gustavo Ortenzi Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6610-7720
Emmanuel Sangoi National Technological University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0249-8143
José A. Pomilio Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-4438
João I. Y. Ota Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-9037
Rafael K. Carneiro Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8892-3368

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.e202439

Keywords:

Microgrids, Power Quality, Power Quality Analyzer, Smart Grids, Supra Harmonics

Abstract

The article presents field results and discusses the harmonic measurement errors of power quality analyzers (PQA) due to sampling aliasing of currents and voltages in grids with the presence of power electronics converters (PEC). The PQA may imply non-existing harmonic components incorrectly depending on the sampling rate of the PQA and the switching frequency of the PEC. Such phenomenon is prone to become more common and unpredictable due to the amplification of high-frequency components in voltages and currents due to interactions between PEC, loads, and grid elements. The conclusion is that PQAs, as required by standards in use currently, are not prepared to identify and quantify, when necessary and correctly, the high-frequency components that are present in modern electric networks with multiple PECs.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Gustavo Ortenzi, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

was born in Campinas, Brazil, in 1977. He received a B.S. degree from the Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil, in 2002 and an M.S. degree from the University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, in 2009, both in electrical engineering. He acted as a hardware engineer for Whirlpool, Elsys, and Itron from 2002 to 2010, 2010 to 2011, and 2011 to 2014, respectively. From 2014 to 2022, he acted as a Senior Distribution Automation engineer in the Smart Grids department at Neoenergia Elektro, where he also acted as a researcher in R&D projects. He is currently acting as lead engineer for distribution automation at Avangrid-USA. His research interests include power electronics, microgrids, power quality, and EMC/EMI. Gustavo is a student member of the Brazilian Power Electronics Society. He has served as a reviewer for the COBEP 2009.

Emmanuel Sangoi, National Technological University

was born in Santa Fe, Argentina, in 1986. He received a B. S. degree in electrical engineering and a D. degree in Industrial Engineering, both from Santa Fe Regional Faculty of National Technological University, Santa Fe, Argentina, in 2015 and 2021, respectively. From January 2018 to May 2018, he was a visiting student at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Ontario, Canada. Since February 2020, Dr. Sangoi has participated actively at the Research and Development Center in Electrical Engineering and Energy Systems (CIESE), and he is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, both activities at Santa Fe Regional Faculty of National Technological University. His research interests include power quality, solar photovoltaic energy, and smart grids.

José A. Pomilio, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

was born in Jundiaí, Brazil, in 1960. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, in 1983, 1986, and 1991, respectively. From 1988 to 1991, he was the Head of the Power Electronics Group, Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory. He was a visiting professor at the University of Padova in 1993 and 2015 and at the Third University of Rome in 2003 in Italy. He is a Professor at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, where he has been teaching since 1984. His main interests are power electronics and power quality. Dr. Pomilio was the President of the Brazilian Power Electronics Society in 2000–2002 and a member of the Administrative Committee of the IEEE Power Electronics Society in 1997–2002.

João I. Y. Ota, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

was born in São Paulo, Brazil, in 1985. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, in 2009 and 2011, respectively, and the D. Eng. degree from Institute of Science Tokyo (formerly Tokyo Institute of Technology until Sept. 2024), Tokyo, Japan, in 2016. From 2018 to 2023, he was a Post-doctoral researcher at Smart Grid Lab (LabREI), University of Campinas. Since 2023, he has been a R&D Engineer at Hitachi Energy Sweden AB, Västerås, Sweden. His current research interests include low-voltage grid-connected power converters, such as battery energy storage systems and active harmonic filters, power converters applied to microgrids, and modular multilevel converters for STATCOMs and BESSs.

Rafael K. Carneiro, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

born on 09/29/1994 in São Paul, Brazil, is an electrical technician (2011), electrical engineer (2017), and master (est. 2024) in Electrical Engineer with the University of Campinas (UNICAMP). He is currently an invited professor at the University of Guyane, in French Guiana, as well as Technical Director of RKC Engenharia in Brazil and Solamaz in France. His areas of interest are power quality, photovoltaic generation, power electronics, microgrids, and electrical technical education for remote areas. Rafael is a member of the IEEE

References

IEC, Testing and measurement techniques. Power quality measurement methods, EN 61000-4-30:2015+A1, 2021.

B. Lasseter, "Microgrids [distributed power generation]," 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37194), Columbus, OH, USA, 2001, pp. 146-149 vol.1.

IEEE, "IEEE Application Guide for IEEE Std 1547™‐2018, IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces," in IEEE Std 1547.2‐2023 (Revision of IEEE Std 1547.2‐2008), pp.1-291, 20 May 2024.

IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems," in IEEE Std 519-2022 (Revision of IEEE Std 519-2014) , vol., no., pp.1-31, 5 Aug. 2022.

IEC, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment. Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics. Limits and methods of measurement, EN 55011:2016+A2, 2021.

T. M. Mendes, D. D. Ferreira, L. R. M. Silva, P. F. Ribeiro, J. Meyer and C. A. Duque, "PLL Based Method for Supraharmonics Emission Assessment," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 2610-2620, Aug. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2021.3112404

J. A. Pomilio, A. F. Hernandes, D. P. Damasceno, M. P. Dias, J. I. Y. Ota, G. Ortenzi, R. K. Carneiro, "High-Frequency Interactions Among Power Converters in Built-in dc Networks," 2023 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), Venice, Italy, 2023, pp. 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ESARS-ITEC57127.2023.10114908

D. Darmawardana, S. Perera, D. Robinson, P. Ciufo, J. Meyer, M. Klatt, and U. Jayatunga, "Investigation of high frequency emissions (supraharmonics) from small, grid-tied, photovoltaic inverters of different topologies," 2018 18th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2018, pp. 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHQP.2018.8378926

A. Grevener, J. Meyer, S. Rönnberg, M. Bollen, and J. Myrzik, “Survey of supraharmonic emission of household appliances,” CIRED – Open Access Proceedings Journal, vol. 2017, n. 1, pp. 870–874, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0458

R. K. Carneiro, J. I. Y. Ota and J. A. Pomilio, "Field Measurements of Non-intentional Emissions above 2 kHz in Photovoltaic Inverter Installations," 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Delft, Netherlands, 2020, pp. 1503-1508. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIE45063.2020.9152213

A. Hoevenaars, M. Farbis, M. McGraw, "Active Harmonic Mitigation: What the Manufacturers Don't Tell You," in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 41-51, Sept.-Oct. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MIAS.2020.2982484

Joint Working Group C4.24/CIRED, Power Quality and EMC Issues with Future Electricity Networks, CIGRE, Tech. Brochure 719, 2018.

M. Bollen, M. Olofsson, A. Larsson, S. Rönnberg and M. Lundmark, "Standards for supraharmonics (2 to 150 kHz)," in IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 114-119, 1st Quarter 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMC.2014.6798813

G. Ortenzi and J. A. Pomilio, "Inside Residential Distributed Generation: A Look of High Frequency Contamination," 2021 Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), João Pessoa, Brazil, 2021, pp. 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COBEP53665.2021.9684070

C. Nardi, C. M. O. Stein, E. G. Carati, J. P. Costa and R. Cardoso, "A methodology of LCL filter design for grid-tied power converters," 2015 IEEE 13th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 1st Southern Power Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC), Fortaleza, Brazil, 2015, pp. 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COBEP.2015.7420134

IEC, General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto, IEC 1000-4-7:1991.

IEC, Testing and measurement techniques. General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto, EN 61000-4-7:2002+A1, 2009.

IEC, Testing and measurement techniques. Power quality measurement methods, EN 61000-4-30:2003.

IEC, Power quality measurement in power supply systems. Power quality instruments (PQI), EN 62586-1:2017, Nov. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420064827-1

D. G. Holmes, T. A. Lipo, Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principles and Practice, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470546284

J. A. Pomilio, J. I. Y. Ota, E. Sangoi, G. Ortenzi and R. K. Carneiro, "PQ Measurement Errors Due to High Frequency Distortion Produced by Power Electronics Converters," 2022 IEEE 7th Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), Nadi, Fiji, 2022, pp. 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEC55080.2022.10058236