Frequency-Voltage-var Function for Active Front-end VFD on Oil and Gas Platforms with Offshore Wind Generation

Kassiane de S. Medeiros; João Marcus S. Callegari; Lorrana F. da Rocha; Danilo I. Brandao

doi:10.18618/REP.e202447

Authors

Kassiane de S. Medeiros Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6628-7038
João Marcus S. Callegari Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6264-351X
Lorrana F. da Rocha Norwegian University of Science and Technology https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7190-4234
Danilo I. Brandao Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5878-1167

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18618/REP.e202447

Keywords:

Control embedded in AFE-VFDs, Frequency support, Isolated power systems, Oil and gas production platforms, Offshore wind energy generation

Abstract

Renewable energy resources emerge as a sustainable alternative to augmenting the energy supply of floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) platforms. However, the increased generation at FPSO based on converter-interfaced energy decreases the system-equivalent inertia constant, which becomes more susceptible to frequency deviations. This paper proposes and evaluates the combined frequency-voltage-var control performance to mitigate frequency variation in a typical FPSO unit with penetration of floating wind energy generation. The control functions are communication-free and embedded in the active front-end variable frequency drives (AFE-VFDs), which are installed on the FPSO and have the primary function of controlling the speed of water injection pumps. The FPSO electrical power system model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink®. Comparative results obtained from the AFE-VFD equipped with volt-var, freq-var, and combined freq-volt-var functions are shown to highlight the proposed solution merits. The results have shown a conflicting behavior with the frequency and voltage deviation improvement associated with absorption and injection of reactive power, respectively. Accordingly, the frequency-volt-var prioritizes frequency deviations during heavy transient events and voltage deviations during regular operation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Kassiane de S. Medeiros, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering, in 2012, and the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering, in 2015, both from the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. She is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering with the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Her current research and technical interests include offshore energy, power-quality issues, and control strategies from power electronic converters.

João Marcus S. Callegari, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil, in 2019, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2021, and the doctorate degree in electrical engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2024. His current research and technical interests include the design and control of grid-connected multifunctional inverters, the reliability of power electronics-based systems, and AC microgrids. Mr. Callegari was the recipient of the President Bernardes Silver Medal in 2019 and the IEEE IAS CMD Student Thesis Contest 2022 (Non-PhD Category).

Lorrana F. da Rocha, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

received the B.Sc. degree in automation and control engineering from the Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2018. She received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, in 2020. She is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree with the Norwegian University of Science and Technology working on design of power electronics architecture and control methods for a high-voltage direct current power train for offshore wind. She also has a background in coordinated control of offshore systems and integration of offshore wind energy. Her research interests include power electronic converters, modeling and control strategies, and power train drive systems. In addition to the issues of lowering prices and boosting efficiency of offshore wind farms.

Danilo I. Brandao, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

received the doctorate degree in electrical engineering from the State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Brazil, in 2015. He was visiting positions at Colorado School of Mines (2009 and 2013), Università degli Studi di Padova (2014) and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (2018 and 2020). He is currently an assistant professor at Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil. His main research interests are control of grid-tied converters and microgrids. He is a member of SOBRAEP.

References

R. Brown, “FPSO: lessons learned”, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 18–23, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MIA.2004.1270797

T.-V. Nguyen, S. de Oliveira Junior, “Life performance of oil and gas platforms for various production profiles and feed compositions”, Energy, vol. 161, pp. 583–594, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.121

Z. Li, H. Zhang, J. Meng, Y. Long, Y. Yan, M. Li, Z. Huang, Y. Liang, “Reducing carbon footprint of deep-sea oil and gas field exploitation by optimization for Floating Production Storage and Offloading”, Applied Energy, vol. 261, p. 114398, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114398

P. Glaum, F. Neumann, T. Brown, “Offshore Wind Integration in the North Sea: The Benefits of an Offshore Grid and Floating Wind”, in 2023 19th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), pp. 1–7, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM58374.2023.10161875

Q. Yu, Y. Liu, Z. Jiang, L. Li, Y. Zhang, M. Guo, “Study of offshore wind power penetration rate in gas turbine generator platform power grid”, Energy Reports, vol. 7, pp. 141–146, 2021, iCPE 2020-The International Conference on Power Engineering. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.02.011

J. Chu, Y. Lv, Y. Xu, G. Du, D. Sun, P. Yu, “Coordinated Control Strategy for Improving Frequency Stability of Offshore Wind Farms Connected to the Grid through MMC - HVDC Transmission”, in 2022 4th Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES), pp. 354–360, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/AEEES54426.2022.9759790

R. Blasco-Gimenez, S. An˜o-Villalba, J. Rodrıguez-DDerlee, F. Morant, S. Bernal-Perez, “Distributed Voltage and Frequency Control of Offshore Wind Farms Connected With a Diode-Based HVdc Link”, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3095–3105, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2010.2086491

H. Xiao, X. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Liu, “Self-Synchronizing Control and Frequency Response of Offshore Wind Farms Connected to Diode Rectifier Based HVDC System”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1681–1692, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2022.3170717

K. Wang, Q. Song, B. Zhao, Z. Yu, R. Zeng, “Grid-Forming Control of Offshore Wind Farms Connected With Diode-Based HVdc Links Based on Remote Active Power Regulation”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1315–1327, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2023.3343418

J. Chen, X. Pei, H. Wu, Y. Jin, Z. Zhang, K. Xu, “Steady State Characteristics of Diode Rectifier Unit based Grid-Forming Offshore Wind Power AC System”, in 2022 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Applications (ICPEA), pp. 651–656, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPEA56363.2022.10052224

M. Mehrabankhomartash, M. Saeedifard, A. Yazdani, “Adjustable Wind Farm Frequency Support Through Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1461–1472, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2021.3049762

A. R. Ardal, T. Undeland, K. Sharifabadi, “Voltage and Frequency Control in Offshore Wind Turbines Connected to Isolated Oil Platform Power Systems”, Energy Procedia, vol. 24, pp. 229–236, 2012, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.104, selected papers from Deep Sea Offshore Wind R&D Conference, Trondheim, Norway, 19-20 January 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.104

A. R. Ardal, K. Sharifabadi, O. Bergvoll, V. Berge, “Challenges with integration and operation of offshore oil & gas platforms connected to an offshore wind power plant”, in 2014 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference Europe, pp. 1–9, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICEurope.2014.6900054

A. A. Adeyemo, E. Tedeschi, “Sizing of Energy Storage for Virtual Inertia Emulation and Primary Frequency Control in Low-Inertia Systems”, in 2022 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Applications (ICPEA), pp. 480–486, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPEA56363.2022.10052579

C. B. M. Mufalo, B. C. Lima, L. Otremba, R. M. Monaro, M. B. C.

Salles, “Sizing of BESS to Support Primary Frequency Control in a O&G FPSO with Wind Power Integration”, in 2023 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), pp. 579–585, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCEP57914.2023.10247464

S. Chapaloglou, E. F. Alves, V. Trovato, E. Tedeschi, “Optimal Energy Management in Autonomous Power Systems With Probabilistic Security Constraints and Adaptive Frequency Control”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 1543–1554, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2023.3236378

I. V. Medeiros dos Santos, C. B. Martin Mufalo, L. Otremba, R. M. Monaro, M. B. De Camargo Salles, “Frequency Response Evaluation of an Isolated System Integrating Offshore Wind Generation and an Oil and Gas Platform”, in 2023 15th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON), pp. 415–421, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/INDUSCON58041.2023.10374892

D. d. S. Mota, E. F. Alves, S. D’Arco, S. Sanchez-Acevedo, E. Tedeschi, “Coordination of Frequency Reserves in an Isolated Industrial Grid Equipped With Energy Storage and Dominated by Constant Power Loads”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 3271–3285, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2023.3304319

J. M. S. Callegari, L. A. Vitoi, D. I. Brandao, “VFD-Based Coordinated Multi-Stage Centralized/Decentralized Control to Support Offshore Electrical Power Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 2863–2873, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2022.3224616

K. de Sousa Medeiros, L. F. da Rocha, J. M. Soares Callegari, D. I. Brandao, “Frequency-Voltage-var Function for VFD in Oil and Gas Platform with Wind Power”, in 2023 IEEE 8th Southern Power Electronics Conference and 17th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (SPEC/COBEP), pp. 1–8, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SPEC56436.2023.10408441

IEEE1547-2018, “IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces”, (Revision of IEEE Std 1547-2003), vol. 261, pp. 1–138, 2018.

C.-L. Su, W.-L. Chung, K.-T. Yu, “An Energy-Savings Evaluation Method for Variable-Frequency-Drive Applications on Ship Central Cooling Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1286–1294, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2013.2271991

N. R. Zargari, Z. Cheng, R. Paes, “A Guide to Matching MediumVoltage Drive Topology to Petrochemical Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1912–1920, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2017.2785759

W. Liu, T. Tarasiuk, C.-L. Su, M. Gorniak, M. Savaghebi, J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, “An Evaluation Method for Voltage Dips in a Shipboard Microgrid Under Quasi-Balanced and Unbalanced Voltage Conditions”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 7683–7693, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2018.2885722

Z. Yang, J. Sun, Y. Tang, M. Huang, X. Zha, “An Integrated Dual Voltage Loop Control for Capacitance Reduction in CHBBased Regenerative Motor Drive Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 3369–3379, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2018.2854606

H. M. A. Antunes, D. I. Brandao, V. H. M. Biajo, M. H. S. Alves, F. S. Oliveira, S. M. Silva, “Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading Unit: A Case Study Using Variable Frequency Drives”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 4764–4772, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2023.3258420

J. M. Guerrero, M. Chandorkar, T.-L. Lee, P. C. Loh, “Advanced Control Architectures for Intelligent Microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and Hierarchical Control”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1254–1262, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2012.2194969

IEC, “Mobile and fixed offshore units - Electrical installations - Part 1: General requirements and conditions”, IEC 61892-1:2019, 2019.

N. A. E. R. Corporation, “Fast Frequency Response Concepts and Bulk Power System Reliability Need: NERC Inverter-Based Resource Performance Task Force”, Fast Frequency Response, pp. 1–29, 2020.

T. Inoue, H. Taniguchi, Y. Ikeguchi, K. Yoshida, “Estimation of power system inertia constant and capacity of spinning-reserve support generators using measured frequency transients”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 136–143, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/59.574933